This technical report examines how geographic and spatial factors influence the effectiveness of development programs, using World Vision’s Strengthen PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR I) project in Ethiopia as a case study. The analysis explores whether factors such as proximity to markets, infrastructure, services, and economic activity affect outcomes related to livelihoods, nutrition, and women’s empowerment. Findings show that place matters: both observed and unobserved local conditions can shape program results, particularly for livelihood outcomes. The report offers practical insights for improving how development interventions are targeted to maximize impact.
