Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra-processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia

This qualitative study explored infant and young child feeding practices in extremely poor rural households in Oromia, Ethiopia, focusing on the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during the complementary feeding period. Drawing on interviews and focus group discussions with mothers, fathers, and grandmothers in households receiving social protection support, researchers found widespread early and inappropriate use of UPF — including biscuits, juice, and lipid-based nutrient supplements — often diluted with water and fed via bottles. Caregivers cited affordability, availability in small quantities, and convenience as key drivers of UPF use, especially given time constraints. These practices contributed to suboptimal complementary feeding and potentially increased health risks, including nutritional inadequacy and exposure to unclean water. Further research is needed to understand the nutritional impact and inform interventions targeting feeding behaviors in vulnerable populations.